The maturation of nanotechnology has revealed it to be a unique and distinct discipline rather than a specialization within a larger field. Its book cannot afford to be a chemistry, physics, or engineering text focused on nano. It must be an integrated, multidisciplinary, and specifically nano book. The archetype of the modern nano book, "Introduction to Nanotechnology" builds a solid background in characterization and fabrication methods. The book focuses on applications, examining engineering aspects as well as nanomaterials and industry-specific applications in such areas as energy, electronics, and biotechnology. Starting from a brush-up of the basic quantum mechanics and materials science, the book helps to gradually build up understanding of the various effects of quantum confinement, optical-electronic properties of nanoparticles, and major nanomaterials. The book covers the various physical, chemical, and hybrid methods of nanomaterial synthesis and nanofabrication as well as advanced characterization techniques.
Preface ix
1. Introduction to Physics of the Solid State 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Origins 2
3. Fundamental Concepts 4
4. Structure 5
5. Crystal Structure 9
6. Conclusion 14
References 15
MCQs 16
Answers 18
2. Size Dependence of Properties 19
1. Introduction 19
2. Methods 20
3. Atomic packing Fraction (APF) 26
4. Lattice Vibrations 27
5. Lattice Dynamics 35
6. Energy Bands 37
7. Effective Masses 43
8. Fermi Surfaces 43
9. Conclusion 45
References 45
MCQs 46
Answers 47
3. Methods of Measuring Properties 48
1. Introduction 48
2. Atomic Structures 56
3. Crystallography 60
4. Surface Area 62
5. Microscopy 64
6. Spectroscopy 80
7. Conclusion 87
References 88
MCQs 89
Answers 91
vi Introduction to Nanotechnology
4. Properties of Individual Nanoparticles 92
1. Introduction 92
2 . Metal Nanoclusters 94
3. Magic Numbers 95
4. The Magic Numbers for Electrons in Atoms 96
5. Subshells Within Shells 98
6. Special Numbers 99
7. Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 111
8. Conclusions 124
References 125
MCQs 125
Answers 127
5. Molecular Clusters 128
1. Introduction 128
2. Inert-Gas Clusters 129
3. Optimization of molecular Clusters 131
4. Superfluid Clusters 134
5. Methods of Synthesis 135
6. Conclusions 140
References 140
MCQs 142
Answers 143
6. Carbon Nanostructures 144
1. Introduction 144
2. The Shape of Molecules 147
3. Organic Isomers 154
4. Carbon Clusters 159
5. Carbon Nanotubes 162
6. Fabrication 177
7. Elasticity property 181
8. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 185
9. Conclusion 191
References 192
MCQs 193
Answers 194
7. Bulk Nanostructured Materials 195
1. Introduction 195
2. Bulk to Nanotransition 196
3. Methods 208
Contents vii
4. Solid Disordered Nanostructures 233
5. Conclusion 237
References 238
MCQs 239
Answers 240
8. Nanostructured Multilayers 241
1. Introduction 241
2. 3D-printed interdigitated electrodes 243
3. Incorporation of nanoparticles by physical methods 248
4. Porous Silicon 252
5. Synthesis of Porous Silicon by Electrochemical Anodization 258
6. Nanostructured Crystals 259
7. Conclusion 262
References 263
MCQs 263
Answers 264
9. Nanostructured Ferromagnetism 265
1. Introduction 265
2. Basics of Ferromagnetism 266
3. Dynamics of Nanomagnets 271
4. Fabrication Techniques 274
5. Ferrofluids 283
6. Template-based Approach 287
7. Conclusion 294
References 294
MCQs 296
Answers 296
10. Optical and Vibrational Spectroscopy 297
1. Introduction 297
2. Infrared spectroscopy 298
3. Infrared Frequency Range 307
4. Brillouin Spectroscopy 315
5. Conclusion 324
References 327
MCQs 328
Answers 329
Index 331
Tamra Barden is a Visiting Professor at University College, Tucumán. She pursued her Ph.D. in Molecular Sciences and Nanotechnology from State Tech University, Nashville. She has also contributed numerous articles and book chapters in the field of molecular nanotechnology, nanoengineering and nanoelectronics. She has been an invited speaker at various international conferences. She has also been presented the “Distinguished Contributions to Lifelong Learning Award”.
