Metal forming is a broad term that refers to a number of different industrial techniques. Metal forming techniques are distinguished by the fact that the metal being treated is deformed plastically to achieve the required geometry. The benefit with the metal framing measure is there will be no wastage of the crude material, quicker creation rate, and better mechanical properties of the item. Metal forming and machining are the two most common processes for turning raw materials into finished goods. The majority of metal fabrication sector products are formed by forming or a mix of forming and other operations such as metal cutting or joining, with a few exceptions. Metal forming has more consistent features across its sub-processes than cutting and joining, which are more common nowadays. The ability of the material structure to bear unit deformations along crystalline gliding planes without destroying the material cohesion is the foundation of forming.
The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of metal forming and its utmost significance in modern times. It provides thorough insights about the uses and methods relevant in this field of study. It deals with the tensile test, basic material behaviour, tensors, matrices, and notation. It also focuses on stress, strain, standard mechanical principles, elasticity, plasticity, crystal-based plasticity, friction, and classical forming analysis. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this area, which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. In the book, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of this field as easy and informative as possible for the readers. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and facilitate the study of this discipline.
Preface
1. Introduction
1. Introduction to Metal Forming
2. Forming Processes
3. Types of Forming Processes
4. Classification of forming processes
5. Bulk Deformation Processes
6. Sheet Metalworking
7. Classification of metalworking processes
8. Conclusion
References
2. The Tensile Test and Basic Material Behaviour
1. Introduction to Tensile test
2. Common Tensile Testing Results and Measurements
3. Tensile Test Experiment
4. Importance of Tensile testing
5. Tensile Testing Challenges
6. Core concepts of Tensile Testing
7. How to perform a Tensile Test
8. Types of Tensile testing
9. Biaxial Tensile Testing
10. Significance and Benefits of Tensile Testing
11. Overview of Tensile Specimen
12. Effects of Specimen Geometry on Tensile Testing
13. Equipments Used in Tensile Testing
14. Tensile Testing Process
15. Important Properties of Metals determined by Tensile testing
16. Applications of Tensile Testing
17. Behaviour of Materials
18. Research Opportunities
19. Conclusion
References
3. Behaviour of Materials during Tensile Testing
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Strength of Material
3. Elastic behaviour of iron and steel materials
4. Damping capacity
5. Yielding of materials and the onset of plasticity
6. Effect of cold working and the strain hardening
7. Tensile strength
8. Toughness
9. Material ductility
10. True stress-strain relationship
11. Temperature and strain rate effects
12. Special testing methods
13. Tensile Fracture characteristics
14. Tensile Testing for Rigid Plastics
15. Conclusion
References
4. Tensors, Matrices and Notations
1. Introduction to Tensors
2. Definition of Tensors
3. Properties of Tensors
4. Notations used in Tensors
5. Applications of Tensors
6. Generalizations of Tensors
7. Metal Matrix Composites
8. Tensor and Matrices
9. Difference between a matrix and a tensor
10. Tensor Product
11. The Stress Tensor
12. The Strain Tensor
13. Elasticity
14. Einstein summation convention
15. Conclusion
References
5. Stress
1. Introduction to Stress
2. Metal Forming and Stress
3. Temperature in Metal Forming
4. Selection of Temperature Range for a Metal Forming Operation
5. Friction and Lubrication in Metal Forming
6. Strain Rate Sensitivity
7. Introduction to Flow Stress
8. Strategies for residual stress adjustment in bulk metal forming
9. Alternative stress measures
10. Conclusion
References
6. Strain
1. Introduction to Strain
2. Types of strains
3. Mechanical Behavior of Materials
4. Stress and strain
5. Strain Rate
6. Normal and shear strain
7. Concepts of Deformation
8. Conclusion
References
7. Elasticity
1. Introduction to Elasticity
2. Concepts of Elasticity
3. Elastic Limit
4. Linear elasticity
5. Finite elasticity
6. Modulus of Elasticity
7. Types of modulus of elasticity
8. Young’s Modulus
9. Modulus of Rigidity
10. Elasticity, Stress, and Strain
11. Conclusion
References
8. Plasticity
1. Introduction to Plasticity
2. Concept of Plastic Deformation
3. Physical mechanisms
4. Deformation theory
5. Yield criteria
6. Elastic & Plastic Deformation
7. Role of Dislocations in Plastic Deformation
8. Plastic Deformation Mechanisms
9. Plastic Deformation Ability of a Metal
10. Introduction to Crystal Plasticity
11. Conclusion
References
9. Basic Mechanical Principles
1. Introduction to Basic Mechanics
2. Forces
3. Friction
4. Center of Gravity
5. Torque
6. Simple Machines
7. Springs
8. Counterweights
9. Mass, Weight, Momentum and Inertia
10. Conservation of energy using collision of elastic and inelastic bodies
11. Conclusion
References
10. Classical Forming Analysis
1. Introduction
2. FEM in Metal Forming
3. Metal Forming Simulation
4. Sheet Metal Forming Simulation
5. Conclusion
References
Index
Dena Steel is an Adjunct Professor at Public State University, Seattle. She earned her Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from University College, Winnipeg. Her research interests are in metallurgy and allied areas of materials science. She is a member of several editorial boards of the international scientific journals. Steel is the author of more than 70 technical articles and numerous books chapters on mechanical properties, sheet-metal work, metallurgy, and industrial technology.
